artefact_scanner.cpp

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#include "artefact_scanner.h"
 
#include "../utils/artefacts_util.h"
#include "../utils/workingset_enum.h"
 
#include <peconv.h>
 
using namespace pesieve;
using namespace pesieve::util;
 
namespace pesieve {
    namespace util {
 
        size_t calc_offset(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID field)
        {
            if (!field) return INVALID_OFFSET;
 
            const BYTE* loadedData = memPage.getLoadedData();
            const size_t loadedSize = memPage.getLoadedSize();
            if (!peconv::validate_ptr(loadedData, loadedSize, field, sizeof(BYTE))) {
                return INVALID_OFFSET;
            }
            return size_t((ULONG_PTR)field - (ULONG_PTR)loadedData);
        }
        size_t calc_offset(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID field) {…}
 
        size_t calc_sec_hdrs_offset(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_FILE_HEADER* nt_file_hdr)
        {
            size_t opt_hdr_size = nt_file_hdr->SizeOfOptionalHeader;
            if (opt_hdr_size == 0) {
                //try casual values
                bool is64bit = (nt_file_hdr->Machine == IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64) ? true : false;
                opt_hdr_size = is64bit ? sizeof(IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64) : sizeof(IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER32);
            }
            const size_t headers_size = opt_hdr_size + sizeof(IMAGE_FILE_HEADER);
            size_t nt_offset = calc_offset(memPage, nt_file_hdr);
            size_t sec_hdr_offset = headers_size + nt_offset;
            return sec_hdr_offset;
        }
        size_t calc_sec_hdrs_offset(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_FILE_HEADER* nt_file_hdr) {…}
 
        size_t calc_nt_hdr_offset(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* first_sec, bool is64bit = true)
        {
            size_t sec_hdr_offset = calc_offset(memPage, first_sec);
            if (sec_hdr_offset == INVALID_OFFSET) {
                return INVALID_OFFSET;
            }
            size_t opt_hdr_size = is64bit ? sizeof(IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64) : sizeof(IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER32);
            const size_t headers_size = opt_hdr_size + sizeof(IMAGE_FILE_HEADER);
            size_t nt_offset = sec_hdr_offset - headers_size;
            return nt_offset;
        }
        size_t calc_nt_hdr_offset(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* first_sec, bool is64bit = true) {…}
 
        bool validate_hdrs_alignment(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_FILE_HEADER *nt_file_hdr, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* _sec_hdr)
        {
            if (!_sec_hdr) return false;
            if (!nt_file_hdr) return false;
 
            size_t sec_offset_hdrs = calc_sec_hdrs_offset(memPage, nt_file_hdr);
            size_t sec_offset = calc_offset(memPage, _sec_hdr);
            if (sec_offset_hdrs != sec_offset) {
                std::cout << std::hex << "sec_offset_hdrs: " << sec_offset_hdrs << " vs: " << sec_offset << "\n";
 
                return false;
            }
            return true;
        }
        bool validate_hdrs_alignment(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_FILE_HEADER *nt_file_hdr, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* _sec_hdr) {…}
 
        size_t count_section_hdrs(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr)
        {
            if (!loadedData || !hdr_ptr) {
                return 0;
            }
            size_t counter = 0;
            IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* curr_sec = hdr_ptr;
            do {
                if (!is_valid_section(loadedData, loadedSize, (BYTE*)curr_sec, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ)) {
                    break;
                }
                curr_sec++;
                counter++;
            } while (true);
 
            return counter;
        }
        size_t count_section_hdrs(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr) {…}
 
        IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* get_first_section(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr)
        {
            IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* prev_sec = hdr_ptr;
            do {
                if (!is_valid_section(loadedData, loadedSize, (BYTE*)prev_sec, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ)) {
                    break;
                }
                hdr_ptr = prev_sec;
                prev_sec--;
            } while (true);
 
            return hdr_ptr;
        }
        IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* get_first_section(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr) {…}
 
    }; //namespace util
    namespace util {…}
}; // namespace pesieve
 
bool pesieve::is_valid_section(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, BYTE *hdr_ptr, DWORD charact)
{
    PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER hdr_candidate = (PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER) hdr_ptr;
    if (!peconv::validate_ptr(loadedData, loadedSize, hdr_candidate, sizeof(IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER))) {
        // probably buffer finished
        return false;
    }
    if (hdr_candidate->PointerToRelocations != 0
        || hdr_candidate->NumberOfRelocations != 0
        || hdr_candidate->PointerToLinenumbers != 0)
    {
        //values that should be NULL are not
        return false;
    }
    if (charact != 0 && (hdr_candidate->Characteristics & charact) == 0) {
        // required characteristics not found
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}
bool pesieve::is_valid_section(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, BYTE *hdr_ptr, DWORD charact) {…}
 
ULONGLONG pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_findMZoffset(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr)
{
    size_t hdrs_offset = calc_offset(memPage, sec_hdr);
    if (hdrs_offset == INVALID_OFFSET) {
        return INVALID_OFFSET;
    }
    
    const BYTE mz_sig[] = "MZ\x90";
 
    BYTE *min_search = memPage.getLoadedData();
    BYTE *start_ptr = min_search + hdrs_offset - sizeof(mz_sig);
    size_t space = PAGE_SIZE;
    //std::cout << "Searching the MZ header starting from: " << std::hex << hdrs_offset << "\n";
    for (BYTE *search_ptr = start_ptr; search_ptr >= min_search && space > 0; search_ptr--, space--) {
        if ((search_ptr[0] == mz_sig[0] && search_ptr[1] == mz_sig[1] )
            && (search_ptr[2] == mz_sig[2] || search_ptr[2] == 0))
        {
            //std::cout << "MZ header found!\n";
            return calc_offset(memPage, search_ptr);
        }
    }
    //std::cout << "MZ header not found :(\n";
    return INVALID_OFFSET;
}
ULONGLONG pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_findMZoffset(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr) {…}
 
ULONGLONG pesieve::ArtefactScanner::calcPeBase(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr)
{
    ULONGLONG found_mz = _findMZoffset(memPage, sec_hdr);
    if (found_mz != INVALID_OFFSET) {
        return memPage.region_start + found_mz;
    }
    
    size_t hdrs_offset = calc_offset(memPage, sec_hdr);
    if (hdrs_offset == INVALID_OFFSET) {
        //std::cout << "Invalid sec_hdr_offset\n";
        return 0;
    }
    //search by stub patterns
    size_t search_start = (hdrs_offset > PAGE_SIZE) ? hdrs_offset - PAGE_SIZE: 0;
    IMAGE_DOS_HEADER *dos_hdr = findDosHdrByPatterns(memPage, search_start, hdrs_offset);
    size_t dos_offset = calc_offset(memPage, dos_hdr);
    if (dos_offset != INVALID_OFFSET) {
        return memPage.region_start + dos_offset;
    }
 
    //WARNING: this will be inacurate in cases if the PE is not aligned to the beginning of the page
    size_t full_pages = hdrs_offset / PAGE_SIZE;
    //std::cout << "Full pages: " << std::dec << full_pages << std::endl;
    return memPage.region_start + (full_pages * PAGE_SIZE);
}
ULONGLONG pesieve::ArtefactScanner::calcPeBase(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr) {…}
 
size_t pesieve::ArtefactScanner::calcImgSize(HANDLE processHandle, HMODULE modBaseAddr, BYTE* headerBuffer, size_t headerBufferSize, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr)
{
    if (!hdr_ptr) {
        hdr_ptr = peconv::get_section_hdr(headerBuffer, headerBufferSize, 0);
        if (!hdr_ptr) return peconv::fetch_region_size(processHandle, (PBYTE)modBaseAddr);
    }
 
    DWORD max_addr = 0;
 
    const ULONGLONG main_base = peconv::fetch_alloc_base(processHandle, (PBYTE)modBaseAddr);
    for (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* curr_sec = hdr_ptr; ; curr_sec++)
    {
        //we don't know the number of sections, so we should validate each one
        if (!is_valid_section(headerBuffer, headerBufferSize, (BYTE*)curr_sec, 0)) {
            break;
        }
        if (curr_sec->Misc.VirtualSize == 0 || curr_sec->VirtualAddress == 0) {
            continue; //skip empty sections
        }
 
        const DWORD sec_rva = curr_sec->VirtualAddress;
 
        MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION page_info = { 0 };
        if (!peconv::fetch_region_info(processHandle, (PBYTE)((ULONG_PTR)modBaseAddr + sec_rva), page_info)) {
            break;
        }
        if ((ULONG_PTR)page_info.AllocationBase != main_base) {
            //it can happen if the PE is in a RAW format instead of Virtual
#ifdef _DEBUG
            std::cout << "[!] Mismatch: region_base : " << std::hex << page_info.AllocationBase << " while main base: " << main_base << "\n";
#endif
            break; // out of scope
        }
        if (page_info.Type == 0 || page_info.Protect == 0) {
            break; //invalid type, skip it
        }
        if ((page_info.State & MEM_COMMIT) == 0) {
            continue; //skip non-commited pages
        }
        if (sec_rva > max_addr) {
            max_addr = sec_rva;
        }
    }
 
    size_t last_sec_size = peconv::fetch_region_size(processHandle, (PBYTE)((ULONG_PTR)modBaseAddr + max_addr));
    size_t total_size = max_addr + last_sec_size;
#ifdef _DEBUG
    std::cout << "Image: " << std::hex << (ULONGLONG)modBaseAddr << " Size:" << std::hex << total_size << " max_addr: " << max_addr << std::endl;
#endif
    return total_size;
}
size_t pesieve::ArtefactScanner::calcImgSize(HANDLE processHandle, HMODULE modBaseAddr, BYTE* headerBuffer, size_t headerBufferSize, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr) {…}
 
//calculate image size basing on the sizes of sections
size_t pesieve::ArtefactScanner::calcImageSize(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr, ULONGLONG pe_image_base)
{
    return ArtefactScanner::calcImgSize(this->processHandle, (HMODULE)pe_image_base, memPage.getLoadedData(), memPage.getLoadedSize(), hdr_ptr);
}
size_t pesieve::ArtefactScanner::calcImageSize(MemPageData &memPage, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *hdr_ptr, ULONGLONG pe_image_base) {…}
 
IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findDosHdrByPatterns(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t start_offset, size_t hdrs_offset)
{
    BYTE* data = memPage.getLoadedData();
    if (!data) return nullptr;
 
    BYTE *search_ptr = data + start_offset;
    BYTE *max_search = search_ptr + hdrs_offset;
 
    size_t max_search_size = max_search - search_ptr;
    if (!memPage.validatePtr(search_ptr, max_search_size)) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* dos_hdr = _findDosHdrByPatterns(search_ptr, max_search_size);
    const bool is_dos_valid = memPage.validatePtr(dos_hdr, sizeof(IMAGE_DOS_HEADER));
    if (is_dos_valid) {
        return dos_hdr;
    }
    return nullptr;
}
IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findDosHdrByPatterns(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t start_offset, size_t hdrs_offset) {…}
 
IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_findDosHdrByPatterns(BYTE *search_ptr, const size_t max_search_size)
{
    if (!memPage.load()) {
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    const size_t patterns_count = 2;
    const size_t pattern_size = 14;
    BYTE stub_patterns[patterns_count][pattern_size] = { // common beginnnig of DOS stubs
        {
            0x0E, 0x1F, 0xBA, 0x0E, 0x00, 0xB4,
            0x09, 0xCD, 0x21, 0xB8, 0x01, 0x4C,
            0xCD, 0x21
        },
        {
            0xBA, 0x10, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x1F, 0xB4, 
            0x09, 0xCD, 0x21, 0xB8, 0x01, 0x4C,
            0xCD, 0x21
        }
    };
 
    const size_t dos_hdr_size = sizeof(IMAGE_DOS_HEADER);
 
    BYTE *stub_ptr = nullptr;
    IMAGE_DOS_HEADER *dos_ptr = nullptr;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < patterns_count; i++) {
        BYTE *pattern = stub_patterns[i];
        stub_ptr = find_pattern(search_ptr, max_search_size, pattern, pattern_size);
        if (!stub_ptr) {
            continue;
        }
        size_t offset_to_bgn = sizeof(IMAGE_DOS_HEADER);
        if ((ULONG_PTR)stub_ptr < offset_to_bgn) {
            return nullptr;
        }
        dos_ptr = (IMAGE_DOS_HEADER*)((ULONG_PTR)stub_ptr - offset_to_bgn);
        if (!peconv::validate_ptr(search_ptr, max_search_size, dos_ptr, sizeof(IMAGE_DOS_HEADER))) {
            continue;
        }
        return dos_ptr;
    }
    return nullptr;
}
IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_findDosHdrByPatterns(BYTE *search_ptr, const size_t max_search_size) {…}
 
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_validateSecRegions(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr, size_t sec_count, ULONGLONG pe_image_base, bool is_virtual)
{
    if (!sec_hdr || !sec_count) {
        return false;
    }
    MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION module_start_info = { 0 };
    if (!peconv::fetch_region_info(processHandle, (BYTE*)pe_image_base, module_start_info)) {
        return false;
    }
    IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* curr_sec = (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER*)sec_hdr;
 
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sec_count; i++, curr_sec++) {
        if (curr_sec->VirtualAddress == 0) continue;
 
        ULONG sec_start = is_virtual ? curr_sec->VirtualAddress : curr_sec->PointerToRawData;
        ULONGLONG last_sec_addr = pe_image_base + sec_start;
 
        MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION page_info = { 0 };
        if (!peconv::fetch_region_info(processHandle, (BYTE*)last_sec_addr, page_info)) {
#ifdef _DEBUG
            std::cout << std::hex << last_sec_addr << " couldn't fetch module info" << std::endl;
#endif
            return false;
        }
        if (page_info.AllocationBase != module_start_info.AllocationBase) {
#ifdef _DEBUG
            std::cout << "[-] SecBase mismatch: ";
            if (curr_sec->Name) {
                std::cout << curr_sec->Name;
            }
            std::cout << std::hex << i << " section: " << last_sec_addr << " alloc base: " << page_info.AllocationBase << " with module base: " << module_start_info.AllocationBase << std::endl;
#endif
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_validateSecRegions(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr, size_t sec_count, ULONGLONG pe_image_base, bool is_virtual) {…}
 
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_validateSecRegions(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr, size_t sec_count)
{
    if (!memPage.getLoadedData() || !sec_hdr) {
        return 0;
    }
    ULONGLONG pe_image_base = this->calcPeBase(memPage, sec_hdr);
    bool has_non_zero = false;
 
    IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* curr_sec = (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER*)sec_hdr;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sec_count; i++, curr_sec++) {
        if (curr_sec->VirtualAddress && curr_sec->Misc.VirtualSize) {
            has_non_zero = true;
        }
    }
    if (!has_non_zero) return false;
 
    //validate Virtual Sections alignment
    bool is_ok = _validateSecRegions(memPage, sec_hdr, sec_count, pe_image_base, true);
    if (!is_ok) {
        //maybe it is raw?
        is_ok = _validateSecRegions(memPage, sec_hdr, sec_count, pe_image_base, false);
#ifdef _DEBUG
        if (!is_ok) {
            std::cout << "[-] Raw failed!\n";
        }
        else {
            std::cout << "[+] Raw OK!\n";
        }
#endif
    }
#ifdef _DEBUG
    else {
        std::cout << "[+] Virtual OK!\n";
    }
#endif
    return is_ok;
}
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_validateSecRegions(MemPageData &memPage, LPVOID sec_hdr, size_t sec_count) {…}
 
BYTE* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_findSecByPatterns(BYTE *search_ptr, const size_t max_search_size)
{
    if (!memPage.load()) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    const DWORD charact = IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ | IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE;
    //find sections table
    char sec_name[] = ".text";
    BYTE *hdr_ptr = find_pattern(search_ptr, max_search_size, (BYTE*)sec_name, strlen(sec_name));
    if (hdr_ptr) {
        // if the section was found by name, check if it has valid characteristics:
        if (is_valid_section(search_ptr, max_search_size, hdr_ptr, charact)) {
            return hdr_ptr;
        }
        hdr_ptr = nullptr;
    }
 
    // try another pattern
    const size_t patterns_count = 2;
    const size_t pattern_size = sizeof(DWORD) * 4;
    BYTE charact_patterns[patterns_count][pattern_size] = { // common characteristics
        {
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60
        },
        {
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC0
        }
    };
 
    for (size_t i = 0; i < patterns_count; i++) {
        BYTE *sec_ending = charact_patterns[i];
        const size_t sec_ending_size = pattern_size;
        hdr_ptr = find_pattern(search_ptr, max_search_size, sec_ending, sec_ending_size);
        if (!hdr_ptr) {
            continue;
        }
        size_t offset_to_bgn = sizeof(IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER) - sec_ending_size;
        hdr_ptr -= offset_to_bgn;
        if (!peconv::validate_ptr(search_ptr, max_search_size, hdr_ptr, sizeof(IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER))) {
            continue;
        }
        if (is_valid_section(search_ptr, max_search_size, hdr_ptr, charact)) {
            return hdr_ptr;
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}
BYTE* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::_findSecByPatterns(BYTE *search_ptr, const size_t max_search_size) {…}
 
IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findSecByPatterns(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t max_search_size, const size_t search_offset)
{
    BYTE *search_ptr = search_offset + memPage.getLoadedData();
    if (!memPage.validatePtr(search_ptr, max_search_size)) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    BYTE *hdr_ptr = _findSecByPatterns(search_ptr, max_search_size);
    if (!hdr_ptr) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    // is it really the first section?
    IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *first_sec = get_first_section(memPage.getLoadedData(), memPage.getLoadedSize(), (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER*) hdr_ptr);
    if (!first_sec) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    size_t count = count_section_hdrs(memPage.getLoadedData(), memPage.getLoadedSize(), first_sec);
    if (!_validateSecRegions(memPage, first_sec, count)) {
#ifdef _DEBUG
        const ULONGLONG diff = (ULONGLONG)first_sec - (ULONGLONG)memPage.getLoadedData();
        std::cout << "[!] section header: " << std::hex << (ULONGLONG)memPage.region_start << " hdr at: " << diff << " : validation failed!\n";
#endif
        return nullptr;
    }
    return (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER*)first_sec;
}
IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findSecByPatterns(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t max_search_size, const size_t search_offset) {…}
 
bool pesieve::is_valid_file_hdr(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, BYTE *hdr_ptr, DWORD charact)
{
    IMAGE_FILE_HEADER* hdr_candidate = (IMAGE_FILE_HEADER*)hdr_ptr;
    if (!peconv::validate_ptr(loadedData, loadedSize, hdr_candidate, sizeof(IMAGE_FILE_HEADER))) {
        // probably buffer finished
        return false;
    }
    if (hdr_candidate->NumberOfSections > 100) {
        return false;
    }
    if (hdr_candidate->NumberOfSymbols != 0 || hdr_candidate->PointerToSymbolTable != 0) {
        return false;
    }
    //sanity checks of machine and optional header size:
    size_t opt_hdr_size = 0;
    if (hdr_candidate->Machine == IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386) {
        opt_hdr_size = sizeof(IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER32);
    }
    else if (hdr_candidate->Machine == IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64) {
        opt_hdr_size = sizeof(IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64);
    }
    else {
        // wrong machine ID
        return false;
    }
    if (hdr_candidate->SizeOfOptionalHeader > PAGE_SIZE) {
        return false;
    }
    if (!peconv::validate_ptr(loadedData, loadedSize, hdr_candidate, 
        sizeof(IMAGE_FILE_HEADER) + opt_hdr_size))
    {
        return false;
    }
    if (hdr_candidate->SizeOfOptionalHeader == opt_hdr_size) {
        return true;
    }
    //check characteristics:
    if (charact != 0 && (hdr_candidate->Characteristics & charact) == 0) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}
bool pesieve::is_valid_file_hdr(BYTE *loadedData, size_t loadedSize, BYTE *hdr_ptr, DWORD charact) {…}
 
IMAGE_FILE_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findNtFileHdr(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t start_offset, size_t stop_offset)
{
    BYTE* const loadedData  = memPage.getLoadedData();
    size_t const loadedSize = memPage.getLoadedSize();
    size_t max_iter = 0; //UNLIMITED
 
    if (!loadedData) return nullptr;
    //std::cout << "Searching NT header, starting_offset = " << std::hex << start_offset << "\n";
    //normalize the stop_offset:
    if (stop_offset == INVALID_OFFSET || stop_offset == 0) {
        stop_offset = loadedSize;
        max_iter = 1;
    }
    if (stop_offset > loadedSize) {
        stop_offset = loadedSize;
    }
    //check the constraints:
    if (start_offset == INVALID_OFFSET
        || start_offset >= loadedSize || stop_offset <= start_offset)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    BYTE* search_ptr = loadedData + start_offset;
    size_t search_size = loadedSize - start_offset;
 
    typedef enum {
        ARCH_32B = 0,
        ARCH_64B = 1,
        ARCHS_COUNT
    } t_archs;
 
    WORD archs[ARCHS_COUNT] = { 0 };
    archs[ARCH_32B] = IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386;
    archs[ARCH_64B] = IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64;
 
    BYTE *arch_ptr = nullptr;
    size_t my_arch = 0;
    for (my_arch = ARCH_32B; my_arch < ARCHS_COUNT; my_arch++) {
        arch_ptr = find_pattern(search_ptr, search_size, (BYTE*)&archs[my_arch], sizeof(WORD), max_iter);
        if (arch_ptr) {
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!arch_ptr) {
        //std::cout << "No architecture pattern found...\n";
        return nullptr;
    }
    DWORD charact = IMAGE_FILE_EXECUTABLE_IMAGE;
    if (my_arch == ARCH_32B) {
        charact |= IMAGE_FILE_32BIT_MACHINE;
    }
    else {
        charact |= IMAGE_FILE_LARGE_ADDRESS_AWARE;
    }
    //std::cout << "Found NT header, validating...\n";
    if (!is_valid_file_hdr(loadedData, loadedSize, arch_ptr, charact)) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    return reinterpret_cast<IMAGE_FILE_HEADER*>(arch_ptr);
}
IMAGE_FILE_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findNtFileHdr(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t start_offset, size_t stop_offset) {…}
 
 
IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findMzPeHeader(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t search_offset)
{
    if (!memPage.load()) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (memPage.getLoadedSize() <= search_offset) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    const size_t scan_size = memPage.getLoadedSize() - search_offset;
    BYTE* buffer_ptr = memPage.getLoadedData() + search_offset;
    if (!memPage.validatePtr(buffer_ptr, scan_size)) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    const size_t minimal_size = sizeof(IMAGE_DOS_HEADER)
        + sizeof(IMAGE_FILE_HEADER)
        + sizeof(IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER32);
 
    //scan only one page, not the full area
    for (size_t i = 0; i < scan_size; i++) {
        const size_t remaining_size = scan_size - i;
        if (remaining_size < minimal_size) {
            break;
        }
        const BYTE* pe_candidate = buffer_ptr + i;
        BYTE *nt_hdr = peconv::get_nt_hdrs(pe_candidate, remaining_size);
        if (nt_hdr != nullptr) {
            //it was possible to retrieve the NT header, so the PE candidate passed validation
            return (IMAGE_DOS_HEADER*)(pe_candidate);
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}
IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findMzPeHeader(MemPageData &memPage, const size_t search_offset) {…}
 
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findMzPe(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap, const size_t search_offset)
{
    IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* dos_hdr = findMzPeHeader(aMap.memPage, search_offset);
    if (!dos_hdr) {
        return false;
    }
    if (!aMap.memPage.validatePtr(dos_hdr, sizeof(IMAGE_DOS_HEADER))) {
        return false;
    }
    if (setMzPe(aMap, dos_hdr)) {
        aMap.isMzPeFound = true;
    }
    return true;
}
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findMzPe(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap, const size_t search_offset) {…}
 
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::setMzPe(ArtefactsMapping &aMap, IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* _dos_hdr)
{
    if (!_dos_hdr) return false;
 
    aMap.dos_hdr = _dos_hdr;
 
    size_t dos_hdr_offset = calc_offset(aMap.memPage, aMap.dos_hdr);
    aMap.pe_image_base = aMap.memPage.region_start + dos_hdr_offset;
 
    IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32* pe_hdrs = (IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32*)((ULONGLONG)_dos_hdr + _dos_hdr->e_lfanew);
    if (!aMap.memPage.validatePtr(pe_hdrs, sizeof(IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32)))
    {
        return false;
    }
    setNtFileHdr(aMap, &pe_hdrs->FileHeader);
    return true;
}
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::setMzPe(ArtefactsMapping &aMap, IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* _dos_hdr) {…}
 
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::setSecHdr(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* _sec_hdr)
{
    if (_sec_hdr == nullptr) return false;
    const size_t sec_hdr_offset = calc_offset(aMap.memPage, _sec_hdr);
    if (sec_hdr_offset == INVALID_OFFSET) {
        return false;
    }
    MemPageData &memPage = aMap.memPage;
    BYTE* loadedData = aMap.memPage.getLoadedData();
    size_t loadedSize = aMap.memPage.getLoadedSize();
 
    //validate by counting the sections:
    size_t count = count_section_hdrs(loadedData, loadedSize, _sec_hdr);
    if (count == 0) {
        //std::cout << "Sections header didn't passed validation\n";
        // sections header didn't passed validation
        return false;
    }
    //if NT headers not found, search before sections header:
    if (!aMap.nt_file_hdr) {
        // try to find NT header relative to the sections header:
        size_t suggested_nt_offset = calc_nt_hdr_offset(aMap.memPage, _sec_hdr, this->isProcess64bit);
        if (suggested_nt_offset != INVALID_OFFSET && (sec_hdr_offset >= suggested_nt_offset)) {
            aMap.nt_file_hdr = findNtFileHdr(aMap.memPage, suggested_nt_offset, sec_hdr_offset);
        }
    }
    if (aMap.nt_file_hdr && (ULONG_PTR)aMap.nt_file_hdr > (ULONG_PTR)_sec_hdr) {
        return false; //misaligned
    }
    aMap.sec_hdr = _sec_hdr;
    aMap.sec_count = count;
    if (!aMap.pe_image_base) {
        aMap.pe_image_base = calcPeBase(aMap.memPage, (BYTE*)aMap.sec_hdr);
    }
    return true;
}
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::setSecHdr(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap, IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* _sec_hdr) {…}
 
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::setNtFileHdr(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap, IMAGE_FILE_HEADER* _nt_hdr)
{
    if (!_nt_hdr) return false;
 
    aMap.nt_file_hdr = _nt_hdr;
    
    MemPageData &memPage = aMap.memPage;
    BYTE* loadedData = aMap.memPage.getLoadedData();
 
    //calculate sections header offset from FileHeader:
    if (!aMap.sec_hdr) {
        // set sections headers basing on File Header, do not validate yet
        size_t sec_hdr_offset = calc_sec_hdrs_offset(aMap.memPage, aMap.nt_file_hdr);
        aMap.sec_hdr = (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER*)((ULONGLONG)loadedData + sec_hdr_offset);
        return true;
    }
    // sections headers were set before, validate if they match NT header:
    if (!validate_hdrs_alignment(aMap.memPage, aMap.nt_file_hdr, aMap.sec_hdr)) {
        aMap.nt_file_hdr = nullptr; // do not allow setting mismatching NT header
 
        std::cout << "[WARNING] Sections header misaligned with FileHeader." << std::endl;
        return false;
    }
    //validation passed:
    return true;
}
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::setNtFileHdr(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap, IMAGE_FILE_HEADER* _nt_hdr) {…}
 
PeArtefacts* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::generateArtefacts(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap)
{
    MemPageData &memPage = aMap.memPage;
    BYTE* loadedData = aMap.memPage.getLoadedData();
    size_t loadedSize = aMap.memPage.getLoadedSize();
 
    if (!aMap.sec_hdr) {
        // if sections headers not found, don't continue
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    PeArtefacts *peArt = new PeArtefacts();
    peArt->regionStart =  memPage.region_start;
    peArt->isMzPeFound = aMap.isMzPeFound;
 
    peArt->secHdrsOffset = calc_offset(memPage, aMap.sec_hdr);
    peArt->secCount = count_section_hdrs(loadedData, loadedSize, aMap.sec_hdr);
 
    // if File Header found, use it to validate or find sections headers:
    peArt->ntFileHdrsOffset = calc_offset(memPage, aMap.nt_file_hdr);
    //std::cout << "NT offset: " << std::hex << peArt->ntFileHdrsOffset << std::endl;
    if (!aMap.pe_image_base) {
        aMap.pe_image_base = calcPeBase(aMap.memPage, (BYTE*)aMap.sec_hdr);
    }
    peArt->peBaseOffset = size_t(aMap.pe_image_base - memPage.region_start);
    peArt->calculatedImgSize = calcImageSize(memPage, aMap.sec_hdr, aMap.pe_image_base);
 
    if (aMap.nt_file_hdr) {
        peArt->isDll = ((aMap.nt_file_hdr->Characteristics & IMAGE_FILE_DLL) != 0);
    }
 
    if (aMap.nt_file_hdr && aMap.nt_file_hdr->Machine == IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386) {
        aMap.is64bit = false;
    }
    else if (aMap.nt_file_hdr && aMap.nt_file_hdr->Machine == IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64) {
        aMap.is64bit = true;
    }
    else {
        aMap.is64bit = this->isProcess64bit;
    }
    peArt->is64bit = aMap.is64bit;
    return peArt;
}
PeArtefacts* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::generateArtefacts(ArtefactScanner::ArtefactsMapping &aMap) {…}
 
PeArtefacts* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findArtefacts(MemPageData &_memPage, size_t start_offset)
{
    if (!_memPage.load()) {
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    ArtefactsMapping bestMapping(_memPage, this->isProcess64bit);
 
    for (size_t min_offset = start_offset; min_offset < _memPage.getLoadedSize(); min_offset++)
    {
        //std::cout << "Searching DOS header, min_offset: " << std::hex << min_offset << std::endl;
 
        ArtefactsMapping aMap(_memPage, this->isProcess64bit);
        //try to find the DOS header
        if (findMzPe(aMap, min_offset)) {
            const size_t dos_offset = calc_offset(_memPage, aMap.dos_hdr);
            min_offset = (dos_offset != INVALID_OFFSET) ? dos_offset : min_offset;
#ifdef _DEBUG
            std::cout << std::hex << "Page: " << aMap.memPage.start_va << " Found DOS Header at: " << dos_offset << "\n";
#endif
        }
        else {
#ifdef _DEBUG
            std::cout << std::hex << "Page: " << aMap.memPage.start_va << " Searching NT Header at: " << min_offset << "\n";
#endif
            IMAGE_FILE_HEADER *nt_hdr = findNtFileHdr(aMap.memPage, min_offset, _memPage.getLoadedSize());
            setNtFileHdr(aMap, nt_hdr);
        }
 
        //adjust constraints for further searches:
        size_t max_section_search = _memPage.getLoadedSize();
        if (aMap.nt_file_hdr) {
            const size_t nt_offset = calc_offset(_memPage, aMap.nt_file_hdr);
            if (nt_offset != INVALID_OFFSET && nt_offset > min_offset) {
                min_offset = nt_offset;
            }
            //don't search sections in full module, only in the first mem page after the NT header:
            max_section_search = (PAGE_SIZE < _memPage.getLoadedSize()) ? PAGE_SIZE : _memPage.getLoadedSize();
            if (max_section_search + min_offset <= _memPage.getLoadedSize()) {
                max_section_search += min_offset; //move the search window
            }
        }
 
        if (!setSecHdr(aMap, aMap.sec_hdr)) {
            //search sections by pattens:
            if (max_section_search > min_offset) {
                const size_t diff = max_section_search - min_offset;
                IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER *sec_hdr = findSecByPatterns(_memPage, diff, min_offset);
                setSecHdr(aMap, sec_hdr);
            }
        }
        if (aMap.sec_hdr) {
            const size_t sec_offset = calc_offset(_memPage, aMap.sec_hdr);
            if (sec_offset != INVALID_OFFSET && sec_offset > min_offset) {
                const size_t sections_area_size = aMap.sec_count * sizeof(IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER);
                min_offset = (sec_offset + sections_area_size);
#ifdef _DEBUG
                std::cout << "Setting minOffset to SecHdr end offset: " << std::hex << min_offset << "\n";
#endif
            }
 
            if (!aMap.dos_hdr) {
                const size_t start = (sec_offset > PAGE_SIZE) ? (sec_offset - PAGE_SIZE) : 0;
                //std::cout << "Searching DOS header by patterns " << std::hex << start << "\n";
                aMap.dos_hdr = findDosHdrByPatterns(aMap.memPage, start, sec_offset);
                if (aMap.dos_hdr && !aMap.nt_file_hdr) {
                    IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32 *nt_ptr = (IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32*)((ULONG_PTR)aMap.dos_hdr + aMap.dos_hdr->e_lfanew);
#ifdef _DEBUG
                    const size_t nt_offset = calc_offset(memPage, nt_ptr);
                    std::cout << "Found PE offset: " << std::hex << aMap.dos_hdr->e_lfanew << " NT offset: " << nt_offset << "\n";
#endif
                    if (aMap.memPage.validatePtr(nt_ptr, sizeof(IMAGE_NT_HEADERS32))) {
                        setNtFileHdr(aMap, &nt_ptr->FileHeader);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (!setSecHdr(aMap, aMap.sec_hdr)) {
            aMap.sec_hdr = nullptr;
        }
        bestMapping = (bestMapping < aMap) ? aMap : bestMapping;
 
        //do not continue the search if no artefacts found:
        if (!aMap.foundAny()) break;
 
        // adjust minimal values:
        const size_t nt_offset = calc_offset(_memPage, aMap.nt_file_hdr);
        const size_t sec_offset = calc_offset(_memPage, aMap.sec_hdr);
        if (nt_offset != INVALID_OFFSET && nt_offset > min_offset) {
            min_offset = nt_offset;
        }
        if (sec_offset != INVALID_OFFSET && sec_offset > min_offset) {
            min_offset = sec_offset;
        }
    }
    if (bestMapping.getScore() <= 1) {
        return nullptr; // too low score    
    }
    //use the best found set of artefacts:
    return generateArtefacts(bestMapping);
}
PeArtefacts* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findArtefacts(MemPageData &_memPage, size_t start_offset) {…}
 
PeArtefacts* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findInPrevPages(ULONGLONG addr_start, ULONGLONG addr_stop)
{
    deletePrevPage();
    PeArtefacts* peArt = nullptr;
    ULONGLONG next_addr = addr_stop - PAGE_SIZE;
    do {
        if (next_addr < addr_start) {
            break;
        }
        const size_t area_size = size_t(addr_stop - next_addr);
        if (this->processReport.hasModuleContaining((ULONGLONG)next_addr, area_size)) {
            //std::cout << "Aready scanned: " << std::hex << next_addr << " size: " << area_size << "\n";
            break;
        }
        this->prevMemPage = new MemPageData(this->processHandle, this->pDetails.isReflection, next_addr, addr_stop);
        peArt = findArtefacts(*prevMemPage, 0);
        if (peArt) {
            break;
        }
        next_addr -= (this->prevMemPage->region_start - PAGE_SIZE);
        deletePrevPage();
    } while (true);
 
    return peArt;
}
PeArtefacts* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::findInPrevPages(ULONGLONG addr_start, ULONGLONG addr_stop) {…}
 
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::hasShellcode(HMODULE region_start, size_t region_size, PeArtefacts &peArt)
{
    bool is_shellcode = false;
    if (peArt.peBaseOffset > 0) {
        // the total region is bigger than the PE
        is_shellcode = true;
    }
    if (region_size > peArt.calculatedImgSize) {
        // the total region is bigger than the PE
        is_shellcode = true;
    }
    return is_shellcode;
}
bool pesieve::ArtefactScanner::hasShellcode(HMODULE region_start, size_t region_size, PeArtefacts &peArt) {…}
 
ArtefactScanReport* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::scanRemote()
{
    deletePrevPage();
 
    // it may still contain a damaged PE header...
    ULONGLONG region_start = memPage.region_start;
    this->artPagePtr = &memPage;
 
    PeArtefacts *peArt = findArtefacts(memPage, 0);
    if (!peArt && (region_start > memPage.alloc_base)) {
        peArt = findInPrevPages(memPage.alloc_base, memPage.region_start);
        if (prevMemPage) {
            this->artPagePtr = prevMemPage;
            region_start = prevMemPage->region_start;
        }
    }
    if (!peArt) {
        //no artefacts found
        return nullptr;
    }
    const size_t region_size = size_t(memPage.region_end - region_start);
 
    ArtefactScanReport *my_report = new ArtefactScanReport((HMODULE)region_start, region_size, SCAN_SUSPICIOUS, *peArt);
    my_report->protection = memPage.protection;
    my_report->has_shellcode = hasShellcode((HMODULE)region_start, region_size, *peArt);
    delete peArt;
    return my_report;
}
ArtefactScanReport* pesieve::ArtefactScanner::scanRemote() {…}